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Composition:Silver
Era:Medieval
Grade:XF 40
Region of Origin:Europe
Certification:NGC
Ivan IV “The Terrible”, 1533-1584. Silver Kopek, Medieval Russia. NGC XF40.Ivan IV Vasilyevich(Russian: ; 25 August 1530 28 March[O.S.18 March]1584),[2]commonly known inEnglishasIvan the Terrible,[3][4][5][6]was thegrand prince of Moscowfrom 1533 to 1547 and the firstTsar of all Russiafrom 1547 to 1584.Ivan was the son ofVasili III, theRurikidruler of theGrand Duchy of Moscow. He was appointed grand prince after his father’s death, when he was three years old. A group of reformers known as the “Chosen Council” united around the young Ivan, declaring himtsar(emperor) of allRus’in 1547 at the age of 16 and establishing theTsardom of Russiawith Moscow as the predominant state. Ivan’s reign was characterised by Russia’s transformation from amedievalstate to anempireunder the tsar but at an immense cost to its people and its broader, long-term economy. During his youth, he conquered the khanates ofKazanandAstrakhan. After he had consolidated his power, Ivan rid himself of the advisers from the “Chosen Council” and triggered theLivonian War, which ravaged Russia and resulted in the loss ofLivoniaandIngriabut allowed him to establish greaterautocraticcontrol overRussia’s nobility, which he violently purged with theOprichnina. The later years of Ivan’s reign were marked by theMassacre of Novgorodand theburning of Moscow by Tatars. Contemporary sources present disparate accounts of Ivan’s complex personality. He was described as intelligent and devout, but also prone toparanoia,rage, and episodic outbreaks ofmental instabilitythat increased with age.In one fit of anger, he murdered his eldest son and heir,Ivan Ivanovich, and he might also have caused the miscarriage of the latter’s unborn child. This left his younger son, the politically ineffectualFeodor Ivanovich, to inherit the throne, a man whose rule and subsequent childless death led directly to the end of the Rurikid dynasty and the beginning of theTime of Troubles. himself “tsar” in his correspondence. Two weeks after his coronation, Ivan married his first wife,Anastasia Romanovna, a member of theRomanov family, who became the first Russiantsaritsa. By being crowned tsar, Ivan was sending a message to the world and to Russia that he was now the only supreme ruler of the country, and his will was not to be questioned. “The new title symbolized an assumption of powers equivalent and parallel to those held by former Byzantine Emperor and the Tatar Khan, both known in Russian sources as Tsar. The political effect was to elevate Ivan’s position”.[24]The new title not only secured the throne but also granted Ivan a new dimension of power that was intimately tied to religion. He was now a “divine” leader appointed to enact God’s will, as “church texts described Old Testament kings as ‘Tsars’ and Christ as the Heavenly Tsar”.The newly appointed title was then passed on from generation to generation, and “succeeding Muscovite rulers… benefited from the divine nature of the power of the Russian monarch… crystallized during Ivan’s reign”.[ During Ivan’s reign, Russia started a large-scale exploration and colonization ofSiberia. In 1555, shortly after the conquest of Kazan, the Siberian khan Yadegar and theNogai Horde, under Khan Ismail, pledged their allegiance to Ivan in the hope that he would help them against their opponents. However, Yadegar failed to gather the full sum of tribute that he proposed to the tsar and so Ivan did nothing to save his inefficient vassal. In 1563, Yadegar was overthrown and killed byKhan Kuchum, who denied any tribute to Moscow. In 1558, Ivan gave theStroganov merchant familythe patent for colonising “the abundant region along the Kama River”, and, in 1574, lands over theUral Mountainsalong the riversTuraandTobol. The family also received permission to build forts along theOb Riverand theIrtysh River. Around 1577, the Stroganovs engaged the Cossack leaderYermak Timofeyevichto protect their lands from attacks of the SiberianKhan Kuchum. In 1580, Yermak started his conquest of Siberia. With some 540Cossacks, he started to penetrate territories that were tributary to Kuchum. Yermak pressured and persuaded the various family-based tribes to change their loyalties and to become tributaries of Russia. Some agreed voluntarily because they were offered better terms than with Kuchum, but others were forced. He also established distant forts in the newly conquered lands. The campaign was successful, and the Cossacks managed to defeat the Siberian army in theBattle of Chuvash Cape, but Yermak still needed reinforcements. He sent an envoy to Ivan the Terrible with a message that proclaimed Yermak-conquered Siberia to be part of Russia to the dismay of the Stroganovs, who had planned to keep Siberia for themselves. Ivan agreed to reinforce the Cossacks with his streltsy, but the detachment sent to Siberia died of starvation without any benefit. The Cossacks were defeated by the local peoples, Yermak died and the survivors immediately left Siberia. Only in 1586, two years after the death of Ivan, would the Russians manage to gain a foothold in Siberia by founding the city ofTyumen. Ivan died from astrokewhile he was playingchesswithBogdan Belsky on 28 March[O.S.18 March]1584.Upon Ivan’s death, the Russian throne was left to his middle son,Feodor,a weak-minded figure.Feodor died childless in 1598, which ushered in theTime of Troubles.
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